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Advances in Communication Technology
As the world continues to move, so does the advancement of technology. Every year sheds light on improvements to yesterday's devices and new inventions appearing on the horizon. At the center of it all is a desire to speed up communication across the globe, with the intention of making inconveniences a thing of the past.
History
Earliest forms of communication include pictograms, signals and, of
course, language. Over time, communication has always advanced in order to be
more efficient, from homing pigeons to the computer. Great examples include the
development of the Pony Express in 1860, as settlement spread westward, to get
mail from one side of the nation to the other as quickly as possible. The 19th
century also saw the development of the telegraph, telephone and radio. The
20th century birthed the use of the television and computer to spread
Internet
What started as a government effort to smooth out communication hangups
on national security issues has turned into a worldwide (web) phenomenon. The
Internet, which emcompasses the World Wide Web (WWW) or simply the Web, links
everyone together with a universe of information available for all to access
and learn from, and seemingly unlimited resources for contacting those on your
personal and business Rolodexes. Most every business out there now has a
website available for consumers to access information, contact the business and
even make purchases, all from the comfort of home. In fact, the Internet has
become such a pillar of communication today that it appears it will remain the
nucleus of all current and future developments within the industry.
Wireless
Wireless communication, also known as WiFi (wireless fidelity) or WLAN
(wireless local area network), uses low-power radio waves to transmit data over
distances from one device to another without the use of wires, allowing senders
and recipients to access information while on the move. Especially for
business, WiFi is invaluable as it allows the boss, who travels frequently, to
stay in touch with his employees back at the office. Wireless communication
also makes it possible for more individuals to work from home, a luxury that
was rarely a possibility just 30 years ago.
E-mail
Electronic
mail, commonly called email, is a means of sending messages to someone
instantaneously over the Internet through a service provider or email hosting
website. Email now virtually replaces hand-written correspondence sent through
the postal system. Senders can not only send a direct message but also attach
images and documents to the email, giving recipients immediate access to
information that might otherwise take days to receive and even longer to edit
or update as necessary. Additionally, email services retain messages sent
between parties in your account until you delete them manually, allowing you to
always have a record of communication.
Smartphones
Smartphones are exactly that--mobile phones that know how to do an
amazing variety of tasks. These cellular phones have a multitude of features
that not only allow you to communicate while on the go in a number of different
ways, but give you Internet access, keep track of appointments, and allow you
to add features and applications for every need (or desire) you can think of. Text
messaging through mobile phones is increasingly becoming the way to communicate
quick thoughts to friends, family and clients, whether it's to promise a call
later or simply to pass on a thought before it's forgotten.
Networking
Online networking websites, such as Facebook,
Twitter and LinkedIn, are increasingly becoming the most popular means of
instant and detailed communication. These sites allow registered users to
communication with friends, family and clients from moment to moment. You can
add images, update your status (telling everyone what you're doing this very
moment), start a fan page for your business, write notes, send personal
messages, and more. The idea is to allow users the opportunity to connect with
everyone they know, even if they are hundreds of miles apart.
http://www.ehow.com/about_6510271_importance-communication-technology.htmlвторник, 10 декабря 2013 г.
The Internet
Unlike technologies such as the
light bulb or the telephone, the Internet has no single “inventor.” Instead, it
has evolved over time. The Internet got its start in the United States more
than 50 years ago as a government weapon in the Cold War. For years, scientists
and researchers used it to communicate and share data with one another. Today,
we use the Internet for almost everything, and for many people it would be
impossible to imagine life without it.
The Sputnik Scare
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet
Union launched the world’s first manmade satellite into orbit. The satellite was
known as Sputnik. To many Americans, the beach-ball-sized Sputnik was proof of
something alarming: While the brightest scientists and engineers in the United States had been designing bigger cars and better television sets, it seemed,
the Soviets had been focusing on less frivolous things—and they were going to
win the Cold
War because of it.
After Sputnik’s launch, many Americans began to think more seriously
about science and technology. Schools added courses on subjects like chemistry,
physics and calculus. Corporations took government grants and invested them in
scientific research and development. And the federal government itself formed
new agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
and the Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), to
develop space-age technologies such as rockets, weapons and computers.
The Birth of the
ARPAnet
Scientists and military experts were especially concerned about what
might happen in the event of a Soviet attack on the nation’s telephone system.
Just one missile, they feared, could destroy the whole network of lines and
wires that made efficient long-distance communication possible. In 1962, a
scientist from M.I.T. and ARPA named J.C.R. Licklider proposed a solution to
this problem: a “galactic network” of computers that could talk to one another.
Such a network would enable government leaders to communicate even if the
Soviets destroyed the telephone system.
In 1965, another M.I.T. scientist developed a way of sending information
from one computer to another that he called “packet switching.” Packet
switching breaks data down into blocks, or packets, before sending it to its
destination. That way, each packet can take its own route from place to place.
Without packet switching, the government’s computer network—now known as the
ARPAnet—would have been just as vulnerable to enemy attacks as the phone
system.
"LOGIN"
In 1969, ARPAnet delivered its first message: a “node-to-node”
communication from one computer to another. (The first computer was located in
a research lab at UCLA and the second was at Stanford; each one was the size of
a small house.) The message—“LOGIN”—was short and simple, but it crashed
the fledgling ARPA network anyway: The Stanford computer only received the
note’s first two letters.
The Network Grows
By the end of 1969, just four
computers were connected to the ARPAnet, but the network grew steadily during
the1970s. In 1971, it added the University of Hawaii’s ALOHAnet, and two years
later it added networks at London’s University College and the Royal Radar
Establishment in Norway. As packet-switched computer networks multiplied,
however, it became more difficult for them to integrate into a single worldwide
“Internet.”
By the end of the 1970s, a computer scientist named Vinton Cerf had
begun to solve this problem by developing a way for all of the computers on all
of the world’s mini-networks to communicate with one another. He called his
invention “Transmission Control Protocol,” or TCP. (Later, he added an
additional protocol, known as “Internet Protocol.” The acronym we use to refer
to these today is TCP/IP.) One writer describes Cerf’s protocol as “the
‘handshake’ that introduces distant and different computers to each other in a
virtual space.”
The World Wide Web
Cerf’s protocol transformed the
Internet into a worldwide network. Throughout the 1980s, researchers
and scientists used it to send files and data from one computer to another.
However, in 1991 the Internet changed again. That year, a computer programmer
in Switzerland named Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web: an Internet
that was not simply a way to send files from one place to another but was
itself a “web” of information that anyone on the Internet could retrieve.
Berners-Lee created the Internet that we know today.
Since then, the Internet has changed in many ways. In 1992, a group of
students and researchers at the University of Illinois developed a
sophisticated browser that they called Mosaic. (It later became Netscape.)
Mosaic offered a user-friendly way to search the Web: It allowed users to see
words and pictures on the same page for the first time and to navigate using
scrollbars and clickable links. That same year, Congress decided that the Web
could be used for commercial purposes. As a result, companies of all kinds
hurried to set up websites of their own, and e-commerce entrepreneurs began to
use the Internet to sell goods directly to customers. More recently, social
networking sites like Facebook have become a popular way for people of all ages
to stay connected.
The Effects of Television Violence
What is violence? Do you think that children who watch violence on television will show violent behavior? What about the terrible tragedies in which kids kill other kids, why? Many studies have been done to answer the question of television violence and its effects on children.
Studies have been done by scientists, pediatricians, and child researchers in many countries over the last thirty years. These studies have tried to find out what it is about television violence that makes it such a big influence on the way kids act and behave.
Television violence causes aggressive behavior in children
A shocking study by television researchers Bandura and Ross was done to get at the truth about the effects of television violence on children. They split a group of kids into Groups A and B. Next, they showed Group A a videotape of a child acting very aggressively with a doll. For example, the girl in the video hit and kicked the doll. The children in Group B were shown a tape in which the same girl was having a tea party with the same doll. Later in the experiment, they put the Group A kids in a room alone with an exact copy of the doll used in the video. Children in Group A responded by hitting and kicking the doll and acted aggressively. The children in Group B were also put in a room alone with the doll and they played very nicely with it. There are similar studies that show how violence on television increases the likelihood that children who watch will demonstrate aggressive behavior towards others. Children imitate what they see on television.
47% of violent television programs show the victim going unharmed, especially in cartoons.
The person in the cartoon or television show gets bowled over by another character and they get back up without being harmed. Children begin to believe that violence doesn’t really hurt others.
73% of individuals who commit crimes in cartoons and children's shows go unpunished in violent scenes
Television shows that allow the character who commits the crime to receive no punishment, teaches children that it is alright to commit a crime because nothing will be done. Criminals and violent acts do not get punished.
Violence is a good way to solve problems
Television is a powerful teacher and if children are always viewing their favorite characters using violence or aggression to get what they want, children will do the same.
Television creates heroes out of the people who commit the crimes
Kids feel that if they copy the criminal they will be a hero, too. The hero that commits the crime is glamorized. There is nothing heroic about violence and it is wrong to show kids that it is. Children begin to think of criminals as powerful role models.
Television reduces the value of life
If Wiley Coyote gets killed, the other cartoon characters don’t care, and they may even laugh. TV makes violence and even death seem funny and unreal. Children do not learn to respect life because violent television desensitizes them.
Children cannot tell the difference between real and unreal
Television is make-believe. The people in the stories are make-believe. They are actors and the story is not true. Young children are unable to realize that when a character attacks someone it is not real and should not be imitated. Think about it, many young children still believe in the Easter Bunny, Tooth Fairy, and Santa Claus. How can children tell the difference between real violence and the make-believe violence done with a script for television?
Studies have been done by scientists, pediatricians, and child researchers in many countries over the last thirty years. These studies have tried to find out what it is about television violence that makes it such a big influence on the way kids act and behave.
Television violence causes aggressive behavior in children
A shocking study by television researchers Bandura and Ross was done to get at the truth about the effects of television violence on children. They split a group of kids into Groups A and B. Next, they showed Group A a videotape of a child acting very aggressively with a doll. For example, the girl in the video hit and kicked the doll. The children in Group B were shown a tape in which the same girl was having a tea party with the same doll. Later in the experiment, they put the Group A kids in a room alone with an exact copy of the doll used in the video. Children in Group A responded by hitting and kicking the doll and acted aggressively. The children in Group B were also put in a room alone with the doll and they played very nicely with it. There are similar studies that show how violence on television increases the likelihood that children who watch will demonstrate aggressive behavior towards others. Children imitate what they see on television.
47% of violent television programs show the victim going unharmed, especially in cartoons.
The person in the cartoon or television show gets bowled over by another character and they get back up without being harmed. Children begin to believe that violence doesn’t really hurt others.
73% of individuals who commit crimes in cartoons and children's shows go unpunished in violent scenes
Television shows that allow the character who commits the crime to receive no punishment, teaches children that it is alright to commit a crime because nothing will be done. Criminals and violent acts do not get punished.
Violence is a good way to solve problems
Television is a powerful teacher and if children are always viewing their favorite characters using violence or aggression to get what they want, children will do the same.
Television creates heroes out of the people who commit the crimes
Kids feel that if they copy the criminal they will be a hero, too. The hero that commits the crime is glamorized. There is nothing heroic about violence and it is wrong to show kids that it is. Children begin to think of criminals as powerful role models.
Television reduces the value of life
If Wiley Coyote gets killed, the other cartoon characters don’t care, and they may even laugh. TV makes violence and even death seem funny and unreal. Children do not learn to respect life because violent television desensitizes them.
Children cannot tell the difference between real and unreal
Television is make-believe. The people in the stories are make-believe. They are actors and the story is not true. Young children are unable to realize that when a character attacks someone it is not real and should not be imitated. Think about it, many young children still believe in the Easter Bunny, Tooth Fairy, and Santa Claus. How can children tell the difference between real violence and the make-believe violence done with a script for television?
Violence on TV
Television violence affects children, so how can we work to keep our kids safe? Where do you draw the line?
Today's television is more violent and explicit then the television of twenty or thirty years ago. At any time, a child can turn on the t.v. and witness violence, explicit language and scenes that are sometimes far more than suggestive. These shows are seen on cable, regular television, news and cartoons. Public television is one of the safe places a child can turn to and see positive educational programs.
So what has happened to television? To compete with increasing number of cable programs and decreased costs of subscribing to cable and renting movies, television programming has had to utilize more of what it feels adults want to see: violence, nudity and sexual situations. Ratings have been issued and program locks are offered with cable subscriptions. But is this enough to protect our children?
Researchers believe that television is contributing to the delinquency of today's American children. Children in the United States watch an average of 3 - 5 hours of television daily. It can be a powerful influence on children in shaping their behavior and development. Early days of watching preschool shows assisted children with learning, but shows they watch in primetime cable and on regular television can have a negative influence.
Studies have shown that too much television may cause children to become immune or numb to the horror of violence. After seeing characters kill and hurt, children may not be able to differentiate the real life violence of murder versus the onscreen make believe violence. Children may also interpret that violence is a way to solve problems, imitating what they see on shows. Children on the playground are quick to make believe they are their favorite superhero fighting the bad guys. Too often children get hurt or hurt others not realizing the severe consequences of what they see on television as it happens in real life.
Children who can identify with a specific character as a victim, often feel angry that someone like them has gotten hurt. Excessive viewing of television violence can lead all children to become more aggressive. The impact of television violence may not surface until children are in their teens or later, and studies show that irregardless of race, religion and socioeconomic development, all children are affected by this violence.
News channels can be more detrimental to children than other television shows. When children are able to realize that the news is about real people and events, the violence can be more frightening. Today's news can be accessed almost anywhere. It becomes hard to escape major events with the news crews covering them as they unfold with such depth that it causes adults to cringe. The effect on young children could be staggering.
How can we help children sort through the news and the violence? Once sure thing is to limit the time they watch television. Let them become absorbed in other activities such as reading, playing and being outside. Help them find a hobby and see what community events they can become involved with. When they do watch television, make sure you know what they are watching and if you feel something is not appropriate, don't let them watch or watch with them and make sure you take the time to answer their questions and explain what may upset them.
When your child does watch something that is violent and it has clearly upset them, it is important to help them through that. Make sure you have them realize that something that is real is permanent, while what happens to the actors of a show is not. Talking to your child is the key to resolving their fears and concerns.
We cannot control everything that our children see and are exposed to. If we start at home and work with our children to regulate the television, we are taking the first step in helping them. Being involved with our children at every age is vital to their development and maturity. Young children need as much guidance as older children, just with a different focus. Love and knowledge can take our children far. Television used to open doors to our minds and it still can when viewed responsibly and sensibly. Don't eliminate all of television, just eliminate the violence and the explicit. Watch the television and watch your children. Together you will open all the possible doors.
Today's television is more violent and explicit then the television of twenty or thirty years ago. At any time, a child can turn on the t.v. and witness violence, explicit language and scenes that are sometimes far more than suggestive. These shows are seen on cable, regular television, news and cartoons. Public television is one of the safe places a child can turn to and see positive educational programs.
So what has happened to television? To compete with increasing number of cable programs and decreased costs of subscribing to cable and renting movies, television programming has had to utilize more of what it feels adults want to see: violence, nudity and sexual situations. Ratings have been issued and program locks are offered with cable subscriptions. But is this enough to protect our children?
Researchers believe that television is contributing to the delinquency of today's American children. Children in the United States watch an average of 3 - 5 hours of television daily. It can be a powerful influence on children in shaping their behavior and development. Early days of watching preschool shows assisted children with learning, but shows they watch in primetime cable and on regular television can have a negative influence.
Studies have shown that too much television may cause children to become immune or numb to the horror of violence. After seeing characters kill and hurt, children may not be able to differentiate the real life violence of murder versus the onscreen make believe violence. Children may also interpret that violence is a way to solve problems, imitating what they see on shows. Children on the playground are quick to make believe they are their favorite superhero fighting the bad guys. Too often children get hurt or hurt others not realizing the severe consequences of what they see on television as it happens in real life.
Children who can identify with a specific character as a victim, often feel angry that someone like them has gotten hurt. Excessive viewing of television violence can lead all children to become more aggressive. The impact of television violence may not surface until children are in their teens or later, and studies show that irregardless of race, religion and socioeconomic development, all children are affected by this violence.
News channels can be more detrimental to children than other television shows. When children are able to realize that the news is about real people and events, the violence can be more frightening. Today's news can be accessed almost anywhere. It becomes hard to escape major events with the news crews covering them as they unfold with such depth that it causes adults to cringe. The effect on young children could be staggering.
How can we help children sort through the news and the violence? Once sure thing is to limit the time they watch television. Let them become absorbed in other activities such as reading, playing and being outside. Help them find a hobby and see what community events they can become involved with. When they do watch television, make sure you know what they are watching and if you feel something is not appropriate, don't let them watch or watch with them and make sure you take the time to answer their questions and explain what may upset them.
When your child does watch something that is violent and it has clearly upset them, it is important to help them through that. Make sure you have them realize that something that is real is permanent, while what happens to the actors of a show is not. Talking to your child is the key to resolving their fears and concerns.
We cannot control everything that our children see and are exposed to. If we start at home and work with our children to regulate the television, we are taking the first step in helping them. Being involved with our children at every age is vital to their development and maturity. Young children need as much guidance as older children, just with a different focus. Love and knowledge can take our children far. Television used to open doors to our minds and it still can when viewed responsibly and sensibly. Don't eliminate all of television, just eliminate the violence and the explicit. Watch the television and watch your children. Together you will open all the possible doors.
TV Violence
You may think that those funny sitcoms or violent dramas are just entertainment and shouldn’t really have serious effects. For any single show that’s probably correct, but for too many people, we’re not talking about a singleshow every so often, and it is a problem.
Child psychologist, Dr. Debra Kowalski, explains, "With children having so much exposure to the media, the messages that come across… are very important and they shape how a child sees the world and what a child sees as important. …A lot of the messages related to violence can negatively impact a child."
The repetition of violence causes children to become desensitized. The same thing happens to adults, but children are more vulnerable. It can also significantly disturb a child and interact with their sleeping and other behaviors. It can also affect the way they interact socially with peers, as well as foster anxiety and fear in other situations.
Michael Suman, coordinator of The Center for Communications Policy at the University of California at Los Angeles, is doing a three year analysis of the effects of violence on television. He makes the following observations:
"Violence on television, basically, has three types of negative effects on people."
INCREASES VIOLENCE. “…Many studies show that violence on TV actually leads to aggressive, violent behaviors in the world, most prominently through imitation. They see people being violent on TV and they copy them as models. They imitate them.”
DESENSITIZATION AND CALLOUSNESS. "People become desensitized. This includes being callous towards people who’ve been victims of violence." (Ted Baehr, movie and television specialist and publisher of the Christian “Movie Guide”, comments, “We say ‘it’s ok, we’ve seen it on television. That behavior is fine.’ We no longer object to behavior [and language] that a few years ago we would have been insulted by… We’ve become very desensitized, and it’s corrupting.”)
FEAR. "It makes them more fearful." Children may have the false notion that violence or abuse is around every corner and that there is no good in this world. While this may be partly true, it is misleading and can cause much damage during the developmental stages of life.
Child psychologist, Dr. Debra Kowalski, explains, "With children having so much exposure to the media, the messages that come across… are very important and they shape how a child sees the world and what a child sees as important. …A lot of the messages related to violence can negatively impact a child."
The repetition of violence causes children to become desensitized. The same thing happens to adults, but children are more vulnerable. It can also significantly disturb a child and interact with their sleeping and other behaviors. It can also affect the way they interact socially with peers, as well as foster anxiety and fear in other situations.
Michael Suman, coordinator of The Center for Communications Policy at the University of California at Los Angeles, is doing a three year analysis of the effects of violence on television. He makes the following observations:
"Violence on television, basically, has three types of negative effects on people."
INCREASES VIOLENCE. “…Many studies show that violence on TV actually leads to aggressive, violent behaviors in the world, most prominently through imitation. They see people being violent on TV and they copy them as models. They imitate them.”
DESENSITIZATION AND CALLOUSNESS. "People become desensitized. This includes being callous towards people who’ve been victims of violence." (Ted Baehr, movie and television specialist and publisher of the Christian “Movie Guide”, comments, “We say ‘it’s ok, we’ve seen it on television. That behavior is fine.’ We no longer object to behavior [and language] that a few years ago we would have been insulted by… We’ve become very desensitized, and it’s corrupting.”)
FEAR. "It makes them more fearful." Children may have the false notion that violence or abuse is around every corner and that there is no good in this world. While this may be partly true, it is misleading and can cause much damage during the developmental stages of life.
Children And TV Violence
American children watch an average of four hours of television daily. Television can be a powerful influence in developing value systems and shaping behavior. Unfortunately, much of today's television programming is violent. Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may:
become "immune" or numb to the horror of violence
gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems
imitate the violence they observe on television; and
identify with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers
Extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness. Sometimes, watching a single violent program can increase aggressiveness. Children who view shows in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated or unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. Children with emotional, behavioral, learning or impulse control problems may be more easily influenced by TV violence. The impact of TV violence may be immediately evident in the child's behavior or may surface years later. Young people can even be affected when the family atmosphere shows no tendency toward violence.
While TV violence is not the only cause of aggressive or violent behavior, it is clearly a significant factor. Parents can protect children from excessive TV violence in the following ways:
pay attention to the programs their children are watching and watch some with them
set limits on the amount of time they spend with the television; consider removing the TV set from the child's bedroom
point out that although the actor has not actually been hurt or killed, such violence in real life results in pain or death
refuse to let the children see shows known to be violent, and change the channel or turn off the TV set when offensive material comes on, with an explanation of what is wrong with the program
disapprove of the violent episodes in front of the children, stressing the belief that such behavior is not the best way to resolve a problem
to offset peer pressure among friends and classmates, contact other parents and agree to enforce similar rules about the length of time and type of program the children may watch
Parents can also use these measures to prevent harmful effects from television in other areas such as racial or other stereotyping. The amount of time children watch TV, regardless of content, should be moderated because it decreases time spent on more beneficial activities such as reading, playing with friends, and developing hobbies. If parents have serious difficulties setting limits, or have ongoing concerns about their child's behavior, they should contact a child and adolescent psychiatrist for consultation and assistance.
become "immune" or numb to the horror of violence
gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems
imitate the violence they observe on television; and
identify with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers
Extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness. Sometimes, watching a single violent program can increase aggressiveness. Children who view shows in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated or unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. Children with emotional, behavioral, learning or impulse control problems may be more easily influenced by TV violence. The impact of TV violence may be immediately evident in the child's behavior or may surface years later. Young people can even be affected when the family atmosphere shows no tendency toward violence.
While TV violence is not the only cause of aggressive or violent behavior, it is clearly a significant factor. Parents can protect children from excessive TV violence in the following ways:
pay attention to the programs their children are watching and watch some with them
set limits on the amount of time they spend with the television; consider removing the TV set from the child's bedroom
point out that although the actor has not actually been hurt or killed, such violence in real life results in pain or death
refuse to let the children see shows known to be violent, and change the channel or turn off the TV set when offensive material comes on, with an explanation of what is wrong with the program
disapprove of the violent episodes in front of the children, stressing the belief that such behavior is not the best way to resolve a problem
to offset peer pressure among friends and classmates, contact other parents and agree to enforce similar rules about the length of time and type of program the children may watch
Parents can also use these measures to prevent harmful effects from television in other areas such as racial or other stereotyping. The amount of time children watch TV, regardless of content, should be moderated because it decreases time spent on more beneficial activities such as reading, playing with friends, and developing hobbies. If parents have serious difficulties setting limits, or have ongoing concerns about their child's behavior, they should contact a child and adolescent psychiatrist for consultation and assistance.
понедельник, 2 декабря 2013 г.
Ukraine unrest: Protesters blockade government sites
EUROPE
2
December 2013 Last
updated at 13:01
GMT
Demonstrators are blockading government buildings in the
Ukrainian capital Kiev, as they step up their campaign for the resignation of
the government.
Protesters have put up
barricades on Independence Square, while others are entrenched inside city
hall.
The unrest was
triggered in November by President Viktor Yanukovych's refusal to sign a deal
on closer EU ties.
Opposition leaders
have renewed demands that he stand down, and urged him to "stop political
repression".
The call was issued on
Monday at a meeting in Parliament convened by Speaker Volodymyr Rybak, the
Ukrainska Pravda news website reported.
The opposition leaders
refused to speak to Mr Rybak directly, the site added.
They also demanded the
release of the jailed former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko - who has been
convicted of abuse of power.
On Sunday Mr Rybak had
said President Yanukovych was "on the side of the people who are fully
entitled to assemble for peaceful demonstrations and to express their
views".
Overnight hundreds of
people put up tents on Independence Square, amid calls for a general strike.
The headquarters of
the cabinet has been blockaded, with government employees unable to reach work.
Police reinforcements
are being sent to Kiev, Ukrainska Pravda reported.
As thousands of
protesters converged on Independence Square on Monday they chanted slogans
including "Out with the gang!"
On Sunday, several
hundred thousand people took part in a march, defying a ban on rallies.
There were clashes
near the presidential building, with demonstrators firing flares and riot
police using tear gas, batons and stun grenades. TV footage appeared to show
officers beating reporters.
The main opposition
leaders condemned the violence, saying it was the work of
"provocateurs". There were also clashes on Sunday as Kiev protesters
tried to topple a statue of Lenin.
Some protesters
stormed the city hall. One of them is the Russian opposition activist Pyotr
Verzilov - husband of Pussy Riot punk group member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, who
is in jail in Russia.
He told the BBC that
the protesters were preparing to fight any attempt by police to evict them.
Also on Sunday,
activists invaded Trade Unions House, another government building in central
Kiev, and set up their main headquarters there.
The leader of the
opposition Fatherland party, Arseny Yatsenyuk, said a no-confidence motion had
been submitted to parliament.
Another opposition
leader, current WBC boxing champion Vitali Klitschko, urged supporters not to
give up control of central Kiev.
"We must mobilise
everyone across the country and not lose the initiative," he said.
Protests started more
than a week ago after President Yanukovych suspended preparations for signing
an EU association agreement that would have opened borders to goods and set the
stage for an easing of travel restrictions.
The deal was to be the
centrepiece of a EU meeting in the Lithuanian capital, Vilnius last week.
President Yanukovych
defended his refusal to sign by saying the EU was not offering adequate
financial aid to upgrade Ukraine's economy.
He also argued that
Ukraine could not afford to sacrifice trade with Russia, which opposed the
agreement.
воскресенье, 1 декабря 2013 г.
globalization (Pakizat)
The social interrogation on
the topic “Globalization” was held. 9 people filled in the form: 5 of them are
citizens of Russia
4 other people (3 girls and a
boy) answering the questions are from other countries. Williams, citizen of Lagos Azerbaijan
The survey showed again that
Dagestani youth suffers from lack of knowledge in issues actual across the
world. They hear something but they don’t know exactly and not sure at all what
is concerned here. As a result, young people across the world find
globalization as a positie phenomenon which gives people opportunities to communicate
freely, to develop, to get things they cant get in their own countries.
Fill in the form
1.
First name
2.
Last name
3.
Age
4.
Gender
5.
Place of origin
6.
Sphere of activity
7.
Have you ever heard of globalization?
a)
Yes, of course.
b)
No, I have no idea about it.
c)
I have heard something about it, but
not sure.
8.
Do you define globalization as
positive or negative?
a)
It is absolutely positive.
b)
It is totally negative.
c)
I’m in two minds.
d)
I have no idea, not interested in the
question.
9.
What effect does the globalization
have on you?
a)
It creates a number of opportunities.
b)
I feel the impact of American
(European) lifestyle on me.
c)
It has no effect on me.
d)
Suggest your own answer.
10.
Are you for or against globalization?
a)
I’m absolutely for it.
b)
I’m totally against it.
c)
I’m in two minds.
d)
I have no idea. Don’t know what it
is.
Assignements
1.
Pronounce correctly:
Globalization, consumer, irreversible, bargain,
unify, incur, life rhythm, to get acquainted, peculiarities, mutual
penetration, competent, interaction, merge, charity, exchange, growth,
environmental, communicable disease, unemployment, access, inhumane,
ramification, tolerance, Americanization.
2. Translate into Russian:
To invoke discussions, to make
bargains, to function as a single system, to erase borders between countries,
to simplify, national peculiarities of a country, mutual penetration of
cultures, supporter, opponent, underdeveloped countries, to spread communicable
diseases, to unify, interaction with, to promote goodwill, to be engaged in
charity, human trafficking, inhumane conditions.
3. Give English equivalents:
Безработица,
саммит большой восьмерки, нести потери, утечка мозгов, ускорение ритма жизни,
объединяться, спор, преимущества/недостатки, инвестиции, получить доступ к…,
торговать, неразвитые страны, торговать товарами, двигаться быстрее (более
быстрыми темпами), обмениваться товарами, идеями, быть под большим влиянием
кого-то (чего-то), терпимость, последствия, Американизация.
4.
Give
synonyms:
1.
discussion (n.)
a)
access, b) advantage, c) debate
2.
advocate (n.)
a)
opponent, b) supporter, c) discussion
3.
adversary (n.)
a)
opponent, b) disadvantage, c) growth
4.
to expand (распространять)
a)
merge, b) spread, с) incur
5.
benefit (n.)
a)
Interaction, b) trade, c) advantage
6.
drawback, defect, fault (n.)
a)
investment, b) disadvantage, c)
exchange
7.
to sell, to traffic (v.)
a)
exchange, b) merge, c) speedup
8.
acceleration (n.)
a)
speedup, b) trade, c) advantage
9.
cooperation, interplay (n.)
a)
bargain, b) charity, c) interaction
10.
to combinate, to join
a)
speedup, b) unify, c) spread
5.
Continue the phrase (on the basis of
the article read):
1.
to incur …
a) advantages, b) disadvantages,
c) losses
2.
to be engaged in …
a)
charity, b) exchange, c) trade
3.
to resist in …
a)
bargain, b) competition, c) charity
4.
to invoke …
a)
speedup, b) interaction, c)
discussions
5.
mutual … of cultures
a)
spread, b) penetration, c) losses
6.
national … of a country
a)
peculiarities, b) interaction, c)
exchange
7.
to erase … between countries
a)
losses, b) borders, c) summit
8.
speedup of …
a)
access, b) borders, c) life rhythm
9.
to carry on … international politics
a)
irreversible, b) competent, c) mutual
10.
to be under a big … of another
culture
a)
influence, b) spread, c) penetration
6.
Say in one word (odd one out):
a) consumer; b) globalization, c) opponent, c) exchange, d) supporter,
e) bargain, f) unemployment, g) inhumane, h) ramification, i) growth
5)
a situation in
which available goods and services,
or social and cultural influences, gradually become similar in
all parts of
the world
7.
Make up short dialogues, using the
following words and expressions:
Globalization, unify, to get acquainted, peculiarities, mutual
penetration, interaction, unemployment, access to, to invoke discussions, to
make bargains, to function as a single system, to erase borders between
countries, to simplify, national peculiarities of a country, mutual penetration
of cultures, supporter, opponent, underdeveloped countries, to spread
communicable diseases, to unify, interaction with, to promote goodwill, to be
engaged in charity.
8.
Answer the questions:
9. What
is globalization? Give its definition.
10.
What is meant under Americanization?
11.
What do you know of the movement protesting
against globalization?
12.
Can you name the aspects of life which
exercise the influence of globalization? Characterize its effect on each of
those aspects in brief?
13.
How do cultural peculiarities change
with globalization?
14.
Enumerate positive effects of
globalization
15.
What are the negative sides of globalization?
16.
How and in what way does
Globalization effect you?
17.
Are you for or against Globalization?
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